Keywords & Concepts

void get(String url)

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;

WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

// Navigate to URL
driver.get("https://www.example.com");

// Navigate to local file
driver.get("file:///C:/test/page.html");

// Navigate with dynamic URL
String baseUrl = "https://www.example.com";
String endpoint = "/login";
driver.get(baseUrl + endpoint);

WebElement findElement(By locator)

import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;

// 1. ID (Most Reliable)
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("username"));

// 2. Name
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.name("email"));

// 3. Class Name
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.className("btn-primary"));

// 4. Tag Name
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.tagName("input"));

// 5. Link Text (Exact match)
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.linkText("Sign Up"));

// 6. Partial Link Text
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText("Sign"));

// 7. CSS Selector (Fast & Flexible)
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#username"));
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector(".form-control"));
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("input[type='email']"));

// 8. XPath (Most Powerful)
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@id='username']"));
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//button[text()='Submit']"));

// Chain operations
driver.findElement(By.id("username"))
      .sendKeys("testuser")
      .submit();

try {
    WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("username"));
    element.sendKeys("admin");
} catch(NoSuchElementException e) {
    System.out.println("Element not found: " + e.getMessage());
    // Add wait or verify page loaded correctly
}

// Better: Use Explicit Wait
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10));
WebElement element = wait.until(
    ExpectedConditions.presenceOfElementLocated(By.id("username"))
);

List<WebElement> findElements(By locator)

import java.util.List;

// Get all links on page
List<WebElement> links = driver.findElements(By.tagName("a"));
System.out.println("Total links: " + links.size());

// Iterate through elements
for(WebElement link : links) {
    System.out.println(link.getText() + " - " + link.getAttribute("href"));
}

// Get all products
List<WebElement> products = driver.findElements(By.className("product-card"));
for(WebElement product : products) {
    String name = product.findElement(By.className("product-name")).getText();
    String price = product.findElement(By.className("product-price")).getText();
    System.out.println(name + ": " + price);
}

// Check if element exists (safe way)
List<WebElement> errorMessages = driver.findElements(By.id("error"));
if(errorMessages.size() > 0) {
    System.out.println("Error displayed");
} else {
    System.out.println("No errors");
}

// Get count of elements
int checkboxCount = driver.findElements(By.cssSelector("input[type='checkbox']")).size();
System.out.println("Total checkboxes: " + checkboxCount);

void click()

// Click button
driver.findElement(By.id("submit-btn")).click();

// Click link
driver.findElement(By.linkText("Learn More")).click();

// Click checkbox
WebElement checkbox = driver.findElement(By.id("terms"));
if(!checkbox.isSelected()) {
    checkbox.click(); // Check it
}

// Click radio button
driver.findElement(By.id("payment-credit-card")).click();

// Click element using Actions (for stubborn elements)
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("btn"));
Actions actions = new Actions(driver);
actions.moveToElement(element).click().perform();

// Click using JavaScript (last resort)
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("btn"));
JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;
js.executeScript("arguments[0].click();", element);

void sendKeys(CharSequence... keysToSend)

import org.openqa.selenium.Keys;

// Type text
driver.findElement(By.id("username")).sendKeys("testuser");

// Clear and type
WebElement emailField = driver.findElement(By.id("email"));
emailField.clear();
emailField.sendKeys("user@example.com");

// Type password
driver.findElement(By.id("password")).sendKeys("SecurePass123");

// Special keys
driver.findElement(By.id("search")).sendKeys("Selenium", Keys.ENTER);

// Keyboard shortcuts
WebElement textArea = driver.findElement(By.id("editor"));
textArea.sendKeys(Keys.chord(Keys.CONTROL, "a")); // Select All (Ctrl+A)
textArea.sendKeys(Keys.chord(Keys.CONTROL, "c")); // Copy (Ctrl+C)

// Multiple keys
driver.findElement(By.id("field")).sendKeys("Hello", Keys.TAB, "World");

// File upload (for <input type="file">)
String filePath = System.getProperty("user.dir") + "/test.pdf";
driver.findElement(By.id("file-upload")).sendKeys(filePath);

void clear()

// Clear input field
WebElement usernameField = driver.findElement(By.id("username"));
usernameField.clear();
usernameField.sendKeys("newuser");

// Clear textarea
WebElement comments = driver.findElement(By.id("comments"));
comments.clear();
comments.sendKeys("Updated comment");

// Standard pattern: clear then type
driver.findElement(By.id("search"))
      .clear();
driver.findElement(By.id("search"))
      .sendKeys("Selenium WebDriver");

// Alternative: Select all and delete
WebElement field = driver.findElement(By.id("field"));
field.sendKeys(Keys.chord(Keys.CONTROL, "a"));
field.sendKeys(Keys.BACK_SPACE);

// Use JavaScript to clear value
WebElement field = driver.findElement(By.id("readonly-field"));
JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;
js.executeScript("arguments[0].value='';", field);

// Or set new value directly
js.executeScript("arguments[0].value='New Value';", field);

String getText()

// Get button text
String buttonText = driver.findElement(By.id("submit-btn")).getText();
System.out.println("Button says: " + buttonText);

// Get error message
String error = driver.findElement(By.className("error-message")).getText();
Assert.assertEquals(error, "Invalid credentials");

// Get page heading
String heading = driver.findElement(By.tagName("h1")).getText();
System.out.println("Page title: " + heading);

// Get all product names
List<WebElement> products = driver.findElements(By.className("product-name"));
for(WebElement product : products) {
    System.out.println(product.getText());
}

// Check if text contains substring
String message = driver.findElement(By.id("message")).getText();
if(message.contains("success")) {
    System.out.println("Operation successful");
}

<div id="message">
    Welcome <span>Admin</span>!
    <div style="display:none">Hidden text</div>
</div>

String text = driver.findElement(By.id("message")).getText();
// Result: "Welcome Admin!"
// (Hidden text is NOT included)

String getAttribute(String attributeName)

// Get input value
String username = driver.findElement(By.id("username"))
                        .getAttribute("value");

// Get link URL
String url = driver.findElement(By.linkText("Home"))
                   .getAttribute("href");

// Get image source
String imageSrc = driver.findElement(By.id("logo"))
                        .getAttribute("src");

// Get CSS class
String className = driver.findElement(By.id("btn"))
                         .getAttribute("class");

// Get placeholder text
String placeholder = driver.findElement(By.id("search"))
                           .getAttribute("placeholder");

// Get data attributes
String userId = driver.findElement(By.id("profile"))
                      .getAttribute("data-user-id");

// Get title attribute
String tooltip = driver.findElement(By.id("help-icon"))
                       .getAttribute("title");

// Check if attribute exists
String disabled = driver.findElement(By.id("submit-btn"))
                        .getAttribute("disabled");
if(disabled != null) {
    System.out.println("Button is disabled");
}

void close()

// Close current window
driver.close();

// Typical usage: Close popup window
String mainWindow = driver.getWindowHandle();

// Click link that opens new tab
driver.findElement(By.linkText("Terms")).click();

// Switch to new tab
Set<String> allWindows = driver.getWindowHandles();
for(String window : allWindows) {
    if(!window.equals(mainWindow)) {
        driver.switchTo().window(window);
        
        // Read terms
        String terms = driver.findElement(By.id("terms-text")).getText();
        
        // Close this tab
        driver.close();
        break;
    }
}

// Switch back to main window
driver.switchTo().window(mainWindow);

void quit()

import org.testng.annotations.*;

public class TestClass {
    WebDriver driver;
    
    @BeforeMethod
    public void setup() {
        driver = new ChromeDriver();
        driver.manage().window().maximize();
    }
    
    @Test
    public void testLogin() {
        driver.get("https://example.com");
        // Test logic
    }
    
    @AfterMethod
    public void teardown() {
        if(driver != null) {
            driver.quit(); // Always quit in teardown
        }
    }
}

// Try-finally pattern (without TestNG)
WebDriver driver = null;
try {
    driver = new ChromeDriver();
    driver.get("https://example.com");
    // Test logic
} finally {
    if(driver != null) {
        driver.quit(); // Ensures cleanup even if test fails
    }
}

boolean isDisplayed()

// Check if element is visible
WebElement logo = driver.findElement(By.id("logo"));
if(logo.isDisplayed()) {
    System.out.println("Logo is visible");
}

// Conditional action based on visibility
WebElement errorMessage = driver.findElement(By.id("error"));
if(errorMessage.isDisplayed()) {
    System.out.println("Error: " + errorMessage.getText());
}

// Assertion in tests
WebElement successMsg = driver.findElement(By.className("success"));
Assert.assertTrue(successMsg.isDisplayed(), "Success message should be visible");

// Safe check (element may not exist)
List<WebElement> errors = driver.findElements(By.className("error"));
if(errors.size() > 0 && errors.get(0).isDisplayed()) {
    System.out.println("Error displayed");
}

WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10));

// Wait until element is visible
WebElement element = wait.until(
    ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(By.id("dynamic-element"))
);

// Verify it's displayed
Assert.assertTrue(element.isDisplayed());

boolean isEnabled()

// Check if button is enabled
WebElement submitBtn = driver.findElement(By.id("submit"));
if(submitBtn.isEnabled()) {
    submitBtn.click();
} else {
    System.out.println("Button is disabled");
}

// Verify form field is editable
WebElement emailField = driver.findElement(By.id("email"));
Assert.assertTrue(emailField.isEnabled(), "Email field should be enabled");

// Wait until element becomes enabled
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10));
WebElement saveBtn = wait.until(driver -> {
    WebElement btn = driver.findElement(By.id("save"));
    return btn.isEnabled() ? btn : null;
});
saveBtn.click();

<!-- This button returns isEnabled() = false -->
<button id="submit" disabled>Submit</button>

<!-- This input returns isEnabled() = false -->
<input id="username" disabled value="admin">

<!-- This button returns isEnabled() = true -->
<button id="save">Save</button>

boolean isSelected()

// Check if checkbox is selected
WebElement termsCheckbox = driver.findElement(By.id("terms"));

if(!termsCheckbox.isSelected()) {
    termsCheckbox.click(); // Check it
    System.out.println("Checkbox now checked");
}

// Toggle checkbox
if(termsCheckbox.isSelected()) {
    termsCheckbox.click(); // Uncheck
} else {
    termsCheckbox.click(); // Check
}

// Verify checkbox state
Assert.assertTrue(termsCheckbox.isSelected(), "Terms checkbox should be checked");

// Find radio button group
List<WebElement> paymentOptions = driver.findElements(By.name("payment"));

// Select specific radio button
for(WebElement option : paymentOptions) {
    if(option.getAttribute("value").equals("credit-card")) {
        if(!option.isSelected()) {
            option.click();
        }
        break;
    }
}

// Verify which radio is selected
for(WebElement option : paymentOptions) {
    if(option.isSelected()) {
        String selected = option.getAttribute("value");
        System.out.println("Selected payment: " + selected);
    }
}

import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.Select;

// Check selected option in dropdown
WebElement dropdown = driver.findElement(By.id("country"));
Select select = new Select(dropdown);

WebElement selectedOption = select.getFirstSelectedOption();
if(selectedOption.isSelected()) {
    System.out.println("Selected: " + selectedOption.getText());
}

// Verify specific option is selected
List<WebElement> allOptions = select.getOptions();
for(WebElement option : allOptions) {
    if(option.isSelected()) {
        Assert.assertEquals(option.getText(), "United States");
    }
}

Navigation navigate()

// 1. navigate().to() - Load URL (same as driver.get())
driver.navigate().to("https://www.example.com");

// 2. navigate().back() - Browser back button
driver.navigate().back();

// 3. navigate().forward() - Browser forward button
driver.navigate().forward();

// 4. navigate().refresh() - Reload current page
driver.navigate().refresh();

// Complete example: Browser history navigation
driver.get("https://www.google.com");

// Search for something
driver.findElement(By.name("q")).sendKeys("Selenium", Keys.ENTER);
Thread.sleep(2000);

// Go back to Google homepage
driver.navigate().back();
Thread.sleep(1000);

// Go forward to search results
driver.navigate().forward();
Thread.sleep(1000);

// Refresh the search results
driver.navigate().refresh();

String getTitle()

// Get page title
String title = driver.getTitle();
System.out.println("Page title: " + title);

// Verify correct page loaded
driver.get("https://www.google.com");
String actualTitle = driver.getTitle();
Assert.assertEquals(actualTitle, "Google");

// Wait for title to change
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10));
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.titleIs("Dashboard - MyApp"));

// Wait for title to contain text
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.titleContains("Dashboard"));

// Conditional logic based on title
if(driver.getTitle().contains("Login")) {
    System.out.println("User is on login page");
} else if(driver.getTitle().contains("Dashboard")) {
    System.out.println("User is logged in");
}

String getCurrentUrl()

// Get current URL
String url = driver.getCurrentUrl();
System.out.println("Current URL: " + url);

// Verify navigation to correct page
driver.findElement(By.linkText("Contact")).click();
String currentUrl = driver.getCurrentUrl();
Assert.assertTrue(currentUrl.contains("/contact"), "Should navigate to contact page");

// Wait for URL to change
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10));
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.urlContains("/dashboard"));

// Wait for specific URL
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.urlToBe("https://example.com/profile"));

// Extract query parameters
String url = driver.getCurrentUrl();
if(url.contains("?")) {
    String queryString = url.split("\?")[1];
    System.out.println("Query params: " + queryString);
}

// Verify authentication redirect
driver.get("https://example.com/admin");
String redirectedUrl = driver.getCurrentUrl();
if(redirectedUrl.contains("/login")) {
    System.out.println("Redirected to login - authentication required");
}

String getWindowHandle()              // Returns current window handle
Set<String> getWindowHandles()        // Returns all window handles

// Get main window handle
String mainWindow = driver.getWindowHandle();
System.out.println("Main window: " + mainWindow);

// Click link that opens new tab
driver.findElement(By.linkText("Open in New Tab")).click();

// Get all window handles
Set<String> allWindows = driver.getWindowHandles();
System.out.println("Total windows: " + allWindows.size());

// Switch to new window
for(String windowHandle : allWindows) {
    if(!windowHandle.equals(mainWindow)) {
        driver.switchTo().window(windowHandle);
        System.out.println("Switched to: " + driver.getTitle());
        
        // Perform actions in new window
        String text = driver.findElement(By.id("content")).getText();
        System.out.println(text);
        
        // Close new window
        driver.close();
        break;
    }
}

// Switch back to main window
driver.switchTo().window(mainWindow);
System.out.println("Back to main window");

// Method to switch to window by title
public void switchToWindowByTitle(String title) {
    Set<String> windows = driver.getWindowHandles();
    for(String window : windows) {
        driver.switchTo().window(window);
        if(driver.getTitle().equals(title)) {
            System.out.println("Switched to: " + title);
            return;
        }
    }
    throw new RuntimeException("Window not found: " + title);
}

// Method to switch to latest window
public void switchToLatestWindow() {
    Set<String> windows = driver.getWindowHandles();
    String[] windowArray = windows.toArray(new String[0]);
    String latestWindow = windowArray[windowArray.length - 1];
    driver.switchTo().window(latestWindow);
}

// Method to close all windows except main
public void closeAllExceptMain(String mainWindow) {
    Set<String> allWindows = driver.getWindowHandles();
    for(String window : allWindows) {
        if(!window.equals(mainWindow)) {
            driver.switchTo().window(window);
            driver.close();
        }
    }
    driver.switchTo().window(mainWindow);
}

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.edge.EdgeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.safari.SafariDriver;
import io.github.bonigarcia.wdm.WebDriverManager;

// Chrome
WebDriverManager.chromedriver().setup();
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();

// Firefox
WebDriverManager.firefoxdriver().setup();
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();

// Edge
WebDriverManager.edgedriver().setup();
WebDriver driver = new EdgeDriver();

// Safari (Mac only)
WebDriver driver = new SafariDriver();

// With options
ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
options.addArguments("--start-maximized");
options.addArguments("--headless");
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);

import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;

WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("username"));

// Interaction Methods
element.click();                    // Click element
element.sendKeys("text");          // Type text
element.clear();                   // Clear field
element.submit();                  // Submit form

// Inspection Methods
element.getText();                 // Get visible text
element.getAttribute("value");     // Get attribute value
element.getCssValue("color");      // Get CSS property
element.getTagName();              // Get tag name (div, input, etc.)
element.getSize();                 // Get element dimensions
element.getLocation();             // Get element position
element.getRect();                 // Get size and location

// State Methods
element.isDisplayed();             // Is visible?
element.isEnabled();               // Is enabled?
element.isSelected();              // Is selected? (checkbox/radio)

// Finding child elements
element.findElement(By.className("child"));
element.findElements(By.tagName("li"));

import org.openqa.selenium.interactions.Actions;

Actions actions = new Actions(driver);
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("element"));

// Mouse Hover
actions.moveToElement(element).perform();

// Right Click (Context Click)
actions.contextClick(element).perform();

// Double Click
actions.doubleClick(element).perform();

// Click and Hold
actions.clickAndHold(element).perform();

// Release
actions.release().perform();

// Drag and Drop
WebElement source = driver.findElement(By.id("draggable"));
WebElement target = driver.findElement(By.id("droppable"));
actions.dragAndDrop(source, target).perform();

// Drag by Offset
actions.dragAndDropBy(source, 100, 200).perform();

// Move by Offset
actions.moveByOffset(50, 100).perform();

import org.openqa.selenium.Keys;

// Type in uppercase
actions.keyDown(Keys.SHIFT)
       .sendKeys("hello world")
       .keyUp(Keys.SHIFT)
       .perform();

// Keyboard shortcuts
// Ctrl + A (Select All)
actions.keyDown(Keys.CONTROL)
       .sendKeys("a")
       .keyUp(Keys.CONTROL)
       .perform();

// Ctrl + C (Copy)
actions.keyDown(Keys.CONTROL)
       .sendKeys("c")
       .keyUp(Keys.CONTROL)
       .perform();

// Copy-paste between fields
WebElement source = driver.findElement(By.id("source"));
WebElement target = driver.findElement(By.id("target"));

actions.click(source)
       .keyDown(Keys.CONTROL)
       .sendKeys("a")
       .sendKeys("c")
       .keyUp(Keys.CONTROL)
       .click(target)
       .keyDown(Keys.CONTROL)
       .sendKeys("v")
       .keyUp(Keys.CONTROL)
       .perform();

// Hover over menu, then submenu, then click
WebElement menu = driver.findElement(By.id("menu"));
WebElement submenu = driver.findElement(By.id("submenu"));
WebElement item = driver.findElement(By.id("menu-item"));

actions.moveToElement(menu)
       .pause(Duration.ofMillis(500))
       .moveToElement(submenu)
       .pause(Duration.ofMillis(500))
       .moveToElement(item)
       .click()
       .perform();

// Scroll to element (Selenium 4+)
actions.scrollToElement(element).perform();

// Scroll by amount
actions.scrollByAmount(0, 500).perform(); // Scroll down 500px

import org.openqa.selenium.Alert;

// Switch to alert
Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();

// Get alert text
String alertText = alert.getText();
System.out.println("Alert says: " + alertText);

// Accept alert (Click OK)
alert.accept();

// Dismiss alert (Click Cancel)
alert.dismiss();

// Send text to prompt
alert.sendKeys("Input text");
alert.accept();

// 1. Simple Alert
// JavaScript: alert("Hello World");
driver.findElement(By.id("alert-button")).click();
Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();
System.out.println(alert.getText());
alert.accept();

// 2. Confirmation Alert
// JavaScript: confirm("Are you sure?");
driver.findElement(By.id("confirm-button")).click();
Alert confirm = driver.switchTo().alert();
System.out.println(confirm.getText());
confirm.dismiss(); // Or confirm.accept()

// 3. Prompt Alert
// JavaScript: prompt("Enter your name:");
driver.findElement(By.id("prompt-button")).click();
Alert prompt = driver.switchTo().alert();
prompt.sendKeys("John Doe");
prompt.accept();

// With Explicit Wait
WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(5));
Alert alert = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent());
alert.accept();

import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.Select;

// Locate dropdown and create Select object
WebElement dropdownElement = driver.findElement(By.id("country"));
Select dropdown = new Select(dropdownElement);

// Selection Methods
dropdown.selectByVisibleText("India");           // By visible text
dropdown.selectByValue("in");                    // By value attribute
dropdown.selectByIndex(2);                       // By index (0-based)

// Get selected option
WebElement selected = dropdown.getFirstSelectedOption();
System.out.println("Selected: " + selected.getText());

// Get all options
List<WebElement> allOptions = dropdown.getOptions();
System.out.println("Total options: " + allOptions.size());

// Print all options
for(WebElement option : allOptions) {
    System.out.println(option.getText());
}

// Check if multi-select
if(dropdown.isMultiple()) {
    System.out.println("This is a multi-select dropdown");
}

<!-- Single Select -->
<select id="country" name="country">
    <option value="">Select Country</option>
    <option value="us">United States</option>
    <option value="uk">United Kingdom</option>
    <option value="in">India</option>
</select>

<!-- Multi-Select -->
<select id="skills" name="skills" multiple>
    <option value="java">Java</option>
    <option value="python">Python</option>
    <option value="selenium">Selenium</option>
</select>

WebElement skillsElement = driver.findElement(By.id("skills"));
Select skills = new Select(skillsElement);

// Verify it's multi-select
Assert.assertTrue(skills.isMultiple());

// Select multiple options
skills.selectByValue("java");
skills.selectByValue("selenium");
skills.selectByVisibleText("Python");

// Get all selected options
List<WebElement> selected = skills.getAllSelectedOptions();
System.out.println("Selected " + selected.size() + " options");

for(WebElement option : selected) {
    System.out.println("- " + option.getText());
}

// Deselect specific option
skills.deselectByValue("java");

// Deselect all
skills.deselectAll();

import org.openqa.selenium.JavascriptExecutor;

// Cast WebDriver to JavascriptExecutor
JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;

// Execute JavaScript
js.executeScript("JavaScript code here");

// Execute and return value
Object result = js.executeScript("return document.title;");

JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("element"));

// 1. Click element (when normal click fails)
js.executeScript("arguments[0].click();", element);

// 2. Scroll to element
js.executeScript("arguments[0].scrollIntoView(true);", element);

// 3. Scroll to bottom
js.executeScript("window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight)");

// 4. Scroll to top
js.executeScript("window.scrollTo(0, 0)");

// 5. Change element value
js.executeScript("arguments[0].value='New Value';", element);

// 6. Highlight element (debugging)
js.executeScript("arguments[0].style.border='3px solid red'", element);

// 7. Remove attribute
js.executeScript("arguments[0].removeAttribute('disabled');", element);

// 8. Get page height
Long height = (Long) js.executeScript("return document.body.scrollHeight;");

// 9. Refresh page
js.executeScript("location.reload()");

// 10. Navigate to URL
js.executeScript("window.location = 'https://www.example.com'");

// Get all links on page
List<WebElement> links = (List<WebElement>) js.executeScript(
    "return document.getElementsByTagName('a');"
);

// Check if element is in viewport
Boolean inView = (Boolean) js.executeScript(
    "var elem = arguments[0];" +
    "var rect = elem.getBoundingClientRect();" +
    "return (" +
    "    rect.top >= 0 &&" +
    "    rect.left >= 0 &&" +
    "    rect.bottom <= window.innerHeight &&" +
    "    rect.right <= window.innerWidth" +
    ");",
    element
);

// Generate alert
js.executeScript("alert('This is a test alert');");

// Get computed style
String color = (String) js.executeScript(
    "return window.getComputedStyle(arguments[0]).color;",
    element
);

// Zoom page
js.executeScript("document.body.style.zoom='150%'");

// Open new tab
js.executeScript("window.open('https://www.example.com', '_blank');");

WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration duration)

import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedConditions;

WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10));

// Wait for element to be clickable
WebElement button = wait.until(
    ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(By.id("submit"))
);
button.click();

// Wait for element to be visible
WebElement message = wait.until(
    ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(By.id("success-message"))
);

// Wait for element to be present in DOM
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.presenceOfElementLocated(By.id("dynamic-element")));

// Wait for text to be present
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.textToBePresentInElementLocated(
    By.id("status"),
    "Completed"
));

// Wait for title
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.titleIs("Dashboard"));
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.titleContains("Dashboard"));

// Wait for URL
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.urlToBe("https://example.com/dashboard"));
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.urlContains("/dashboard"));

// Wait for alert
Alert alert = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent());

// Wait for element to be invisible (loading spinner)
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.invisibilityOfElementLocated(By.id("loader")));

// Wait for frame and switch
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.frameToBeAvailableAndSwitchToIt("frame-id"));

// Custom condition with lambda
WebElement element = wait.until(driver -> {
    WebElement el = driver.findElement(By.id("status"));
    String status = el.getText();
    return status.equals("Ready") ? el : null;
});

// Custom condition: Wait for element attribute to have value
wait.until(driver -> {
    WebElement el = driver.findElement(By.id("progress"));
    String value = el.getAttribute("data-progress");
    return value.equals("100") ? true : null;
});

// Wait for element count
wait.until(driver -> {
    List<WebElement> items = driver.findElements(By.className("item"));
    return items.size() > 5 ? true : null;
});

// Wait for page to be fully loaded (AJAX complete)
wait.until(driver -> 
    js.executeScript("return document.readyState").equals("complete")
);

// Wait for jQuery to complete (if using jQuery)
wait.until(driver -> 
    (Boolean) js.executeScript("return jQuery.active == 0")
);

import org.openqa.selenium.TimeoutException;

try {
    WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(5));
    wait.until(ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(By.id("element")));
} catch(TimeoutException e) {
    System.out.println("Element did not appear within 5 seconds");
    // Take screenshot, log error, etc.
}

WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(10));

// Wait for AJAX loading to complete
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.invisibilityOfElementLocated(By.id("loading-spinner")));

// Wait for specific attribute value
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.attributeToBe(
    By.id("progress-bar"),
    "aria-valuenow",
    "100"
));

// Wait for attribute to contain text
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.attributeContains(
    By.id("status"),
    "class",
    "success"
));

// Wait for number of elements to be exactly X
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.numberOfElementsToBe(
    By.className("product-card"),
    10
));

// Wait for number of elements to be more than X
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.numberOfElementsToBeMoreThan(
    By.className("search-result"),
    5
));

// Wait for element to become stale (DOM refresh)
WebElement oldElement = driver.findElement(By.id("element"));
driver.navigate().refresh();
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.stalenessOf(oldElement));

// Combined conditions with AND
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.and(
    ExpectedConditions.visibilityOfElementLocated(By.id("element1")),
    ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(By.id("element2"))
));

// Combined conditions with OR
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.or(
    ExpectedConditions.titleIs("Dashboard"),
    ExpectedConditions.titleIs("Home")
));

// Negation (wait for condition to NOT be true)
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.not(
    ExpectedConditions.attributeContains(By.id("btn"), "class", "disabled")
));

import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.FluentWait;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.Wait;
import org.openqa.selenium.NoSuchElementException;
import org.openqa.selenium.ElementNotInteractableException;

// Create FluentWait
Wait<WebDriver> fluentWait = new FluentWait<>(driver)
    .withTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(30))              // Max wait time
    .pollingEvery(Duration.ofSeconds(2))              // Check every 2 seconds
    .ignoring(NoSuchElementException.class)           // Ignore this exception
    .ignoring(ElementNotInteractableException.class)  // Ignore this too
    .withMessage("Element not found after 30 seconds"); // Custom error message

// Use the wait
WebElement element = fluentWait.until(driver -> 
    driver.findElement(By.id("dynamic-element"))
);

// Wait for text to contain specific value
WebElement statusElement = fluentWait.until(driver -> {
    WebElement el = driver.findElement(By.id("status"));
    String status = el.getText();
    
    if(status.contains("Completed")) {
        return el;
    }
    return null; // Keep waiting
});

// Wait for element count to reach threshold
List<WebElement> items = fluentWait.until(driver -> {
    List<WebElement> elements = driver.findElements(By.className("item"));
    return elements.size() >= 10 ? elements : null;
});

// Wait for attribute value change
WebElement progressBar = fluentWait.until(driver -> {
    WebElement el = driver.findElement(By.id("progress"));
    String value = el.getAttribute("data-progress");
    return value.equals("100") ? el : null;
});

// Wait for page to be fully loaded (including AJAX)
fluentWait.until(driver -> {
    JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;
    return js.executeScript("return document.readyState").equals("complete");
});

import org.openqa.selenium.support.PageFactory;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.FindBy;

public class LoginPage {
    
    WebDriver driver;
    
    // Define elements with @FindBy
    @FindBy(id = "username")
    WebElement usernameField;
    
    @FindBy(id = "password")
    WebElement passwordField;
    
    @FindBy(xpath = "//button[@type='submit']")
    WebElement loginButton;
    
    // Constructor - Initialize elements
    public LoginPage(WebDriver driver) {
        this.driver = driver;
        PageFactory.initElements(driver, this); // REQUIRED!
    }
    
    // Page methods
    public void login(String username, String password) {
        usernameField.sendKeys(username);
        passwordField.sendKeys(password);
        loginButton.click();
    }
}

import org.openqa.selenium.support.PageFactory;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.pagefactory.AjaxElementLocatorFactory;

public class DashboardPage {
    
    WebDriver driver;
    
    @FindBy(id = "user-profile")
    WebElement profileSection;
    
    @FindBy(className = "notification")
    List<WebElement> notifications;
    
    public DashboardPage(WebDriver driver) {
        this.driver = driver;
        
        // Use AjaxElementLocatorFactory for dynamic elements
        // Elements are re-located each time they're accessed
        // Timeout of 15 seconds for each element
        PageFactory.initElements(
            new AjaxElementLocatorFactory(driver, 15),
            this
        );
    }
    
    public int getNotificationCount() {
        return notifications.size(); // Re-locates elements each time
    }
    
    public void clickProfile() {
        profileSection.click(); // Re-locates element each time
    }
}

import org.openqa.selenium.TakesScreenshot;
import org.openqa.selenium.OutputType;
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import java.io.File;

// Cast driver to TakesScreenshot
TakesScreenshot ts = (TakesScreenshot) driver;

// Capture screenshot as File
File screenshot = ts.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);

// Save to specific location
File destination = new File("./screenshots/test.png");
FileUtils.copyFile(screenshot, destination);

System.out.println("Screenshot saved: " + destination.getAbsolutePath());

import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Date;

public class ScreenshotUtil {
    
    public static String captureScreenshot(WebDriver driver, String testName) {
        try {
            // Generate timestamp
            String timestamp = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyyMMdd_HHmmss")
                .format(new Date());
            
            // Create filename
            String fileName = testName + "_" + timestamp + ".png";
            String screenshotPath = "./screenshots/" + fileName;
            
            // Capture screenshot
            TakesScreenshot ts = (TakesScreenshot) driver;
            File source = ts.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
            File destination = new File(screenshotPath);
            
            // Ensure directory exists
            destination.getParentFile().mkdirs();
            
            // Save file
            FileUtils.copyFile(source, destination);
            
            System.out.println("Screenshot saved: " + screenshotPath);
            return screenshotPath;
            
        } catch (Exception e) {
            System.out.println("Failed to capture screenshot: " + e.getMessage());
            return null;
        }
    }
    
    // Capture as Base64 (for HTML reports)
    public static String captureBase64(WebDriver driver) {
        TakesScreenshot ts = (TakesScreenshot) driver;
        return ts.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.BASE64);
    }
    
    // Capture as byte array
    public static byte[] captureBytes(WebDriver driver) {
        TakesScreenshot ts = (TakesScreenshot) driver;
        return ts.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.BYTES);
    }
}

import org.testng.ITestListener;
import org.testng.ITestResult;

public class TestListener implements ITestListener {
    
    @Override
    public void onTestFailure(ITestResult result) {
        System.out.println("Test Failed: " + result.getName());
        
        // Capture screenshot on failure
        WebDriver driver = ((BaseTest) result.getInstance()).getDriver();
        String screenshotPath = ScreenshotUtil.captureScreenshot(
            driver,
            result.getName()
        );
        
        // Attach to Extent Report (if using)
        if(screenshotPath != null) {
            // ExtentReports code here
        }
    }
}

// ID
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#username"));

// Class
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector(".form-control"));

// Multiple classes
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector(".btn.btn-primary"));

// Tag with attribute
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("input[type='email']"));

// Tag with multiple attributes
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("input[type='text'][name='username']"));

// Attribute contains
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("button[class*='submit']"));

// Attribute starts with
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("input[id^='user']"));

// Attribute ends with
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("input[id$='name']"));

// Direct child
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("form > input"));

// Descendant (any level)
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("div.form-group input"));

// nth-child (2nd element)
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("ul > li:nth-child(2)"));

// First child
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("ul > li:first-child"));

// Last child
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("ul > li:last-child"));

// nth-of-type
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("div:nth-of-type(3)"));

// Adjacent sibling (+)
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("label + input"));

// General sibling (~)
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("h2 ~ p"));

// Combine multiple
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("form#login input[type='text'].form-control"));

// Basic attribute
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@id='username']"));

// Text selection (unique to XPath)
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//button[text()='Submit']"));
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//a[text()='Login']"));

// Partial text match
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//button[contains(text(),'Submit')]"));

// Multiple attributes (AND)
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@type='text' and @name='username']"));

// OR condition
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@id='email' or @name='email']"));

// Contains attribute
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//div[contains(@class,'form-group')]"));

// Starts with
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[starts-with(@id,'user')]"));

// Parent traversal
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@id='username']/parent::div"));

// Ancestor
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@id='username']/ancestor::form"));

// Following sibling
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//label[text()='Email']/following-sibling::input"));

// Preceding sibling
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@id='password']/preceding-sibling::label"));

// Child
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//form[@id='login']//input[@type='email']"));

// Descendant
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//div[@class='container']//button"));

// Index (select 2nd element)
driver.findElement(By.xpath("(//input[@type='text'])[2]"));

// Last element
driver.findElement(By.xpath("(//li)[last()]"));

// Position-based
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//li[position()=3]"));

Timeouts implicitlyWait(Duration duration)

import java.time.Duration;

// Set implicit wait (applies globally)
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofSeconds(10));

// Now all findElement() calls wait up to 10 seconds
driver.findElement(By.id("username")).sendKeys("admin");
driver.findElement(By.id("password")).sendKeys("password");
driver.findElement(By.id("submit")).click();

// Set to zero to disable
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofSeconds(0));

// Set page load timeout
driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(30));

// Navigate to URL (will timeout after 30 seconds if not loaded)
driver.get("https://www.example.com");

// Handle timeout
try {
    driver.get("https://slow-website.com");
} catch(TimeoutException e) {
    System.out.println("Page load timed out after 30 seconds");
    driver.navigate().refresh(); // Retry
}

// Set script timeout
driver.manage().timeouts().scriptTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(30));

// Execute async script
JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor) driver;
Object result = js.executeAsyncScript(
    "var callback = arguments[arguments.length - 1];" +
    "setTimeout(function() {" +
    "  callback('Script completed');" +
    "}, 5000);"
);

System.out.println(result); // "Script completed"

import static org.openqa.selenium.support.locators.RelativeLocator.with;

WebElement referenceElement = driver.findElement(By.id("reference"));

// Above
WebElement above = driver.findElement(with(By.tagName("input"))
    .above(referenceElement));

// Below
WebElement below = driver.findElement(with(By.tagName("button"))
    .below(referenceElement));

// To left of
WebElement left = driver.findElement(with(By.tagName("label"))
    .toLeftOf(referenceElement));

// To right of
WebElement right = driver.findElement(with(By.tagName("span"))
    .toRightOf(referenceElement));

// Near (within 50px by default)
WebElement near = driver.findElement(with(By.tagName("input"))
    .near(referenceElement));

// Combine multiple directions
WebElement element = driver.findElement(with(By.tagName("button"))
    .below(referenceElement)
    .toRightOf(anotherElement));

import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.devtools.DevTools;
import org.openqa.selenium.devtools.v120.network.Network;
import org.openqa.selenium.devtools.v120.log.Log;

ChromeDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
DevTools devTools = driver.getDevTools();
devTools.createSession();

// 1. Capture network traffic
devTools.send(Network.enable(Optional.empty(), Optional.empty(), Optional.empty()));

devTools.addListener(Network.requestWillBeSent(), request -> {
    System.out.println("Request: " + request.getRequest().getUrl());
});

devTools.addListener(Network.responseReceived(), response -> {
    System.out.println("Response: " + response.getResponse().getUrl());
    System.out.println("Status: " + response.getResponse().getStatus());
});

// 2. Capture console logs
devTools.send(Log.enable());

devTools.addListener(Log.entryAdded(), logEntry -> {
    System.out.println("Console " + logEntry.getLevel() + ": " + logEntry.getText());
});

// 3. Mock geolocation
devTools.send(Emulation.setGeolocationOverride(
    Optional.of(40.7128),  // Latitude (New York)
    Optional.of(-74.0060), // Longitude
    Optional.of(1)         // Accuracy
));

// 4. Set network conditions (simulate slow 3G)
devTools.send(Network.emulateNetworkConditions(
    false,                      // offline
    100,                        // latency (ms)
    50000,                      // download throughput (bytes/s)
    20000,                      // upload throughput (bytes/s)
    Optional.empty()            // connection type
));

// 5. Block specific URLs
devTools.send(Network.setBlockedURLs(
    Arrays.asList("*.jpg", "*.png", "*.css")
));

// 6. Get performance metrics
Map<String, Object> metrics = driver.executeCdpCommand(
    "Performance.getMetrics",
    new HashMap<>()
);